How to Make an Inference in 5 Easy Steps

We all have to take those standardized tests where youre presented with a large passage of text and must work your way through the multiple-choice problems that follow. Most of the time, youll get questions asking you to find the main idea, determine the authors purpose, understand vocabulary in context, figure out the authors tone, and, the topic at hand, make inferences. For many people, understanding how to make an inference is the toughest part of the reading passage, because an inference in real life requires a bit of guessing. On a multiple-choice test, however, making an inference comes down to honing a few reading skills like these listed below. Read them, then practice your new skills with the inference practice problems listed below. What exactly is an inference? Step 1: Identify an Inference Question First, youll need to determine whether or not youre actually being asked to make an inference on a reading test. The most obvious questions will have the words suggest, imply or infer right in the tag like these: According to the passage, we can reasonably infer...Based on the passage, it could be suggested that...Which of the following statements is best supported by the passage?The passage suggests that this primary problem...The author seems to imply that†¦ Some questions, however, will not come right out and ask you to infer. Youll have to actually infer that you need to make an inference about the passage. Sneaky, huh? Here are a few that require inferencing skills, but dont use those words exactly. With which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?Which of the following sentences would the author most likely use to add additional support to paragraph three? Step 2: Trust the Passage Now that youre certain you have an inference question on your hands, and you know exactly what an inference is, youll need to let go of your prejudices and prior knowledge and use the passage to prove that the inference you select is the correct one. Inferences on a multiple-choice exam are different from those in real life. Out in the real world, if you make an educated guess, your inference could still be incorrect. But on a multiple-choice exam, your inference will be correct because youll use the details in the passage to prove it. You have to trust that the passage offers you the truth in the setting of the test and that one of the answer choices provided is correct without stepping too far outside the realm of the passage. Step 3: Hunt for Clues Your third step is to start hunting for clues – supporting details, vocabulary, characters actions, descriptions, dialogue, and more – to prove one of the inferences listed below the question. Take this question and text, for example: Reading Passage: The widow Elsa was as complete a contrast to her third bridegroom, in everything but age, as can be conceived. Compelled to relinquish her first marriage after her husband died in the war, she married a man twice her years to whom she became an exemplary wife despite their having nothing in common, and by whose death she was left in possession of a splendid fortune, though she gave it away to the church. Next, a southern gentleman, considerably younger than herself, succeeded to her hand, and carried her to Charleston, where, after many uncomfortable years, she found herself again a widow. It would have been remarkable if any feeling had survived through such a life as Elsas; it could not but be crushed and killed by the early disappointment of her first grooms demise, the icy duty of her second marriage, and the unkindness of her third husband, which had inevitably driven her to connect the idea of his death with that of her comfort. Based on the information in the passage, it could be suggested that the narrator believes Elsas prior marriages to be:A. uncomfortable, but well-suited to ElsaB. satisfactory and dull to ElsaC. cold and damaging to ElsaD. awful, but worth it to Elsa To find clues that point to the correct answer, look for descriptions that would support those first adjectives in the answer choices. Here are some of the descriptions of her marriages in the passage: †¦she became an exemplary wife despite their having nothing in common†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦after many uncomfortable years, she found herself again a widow.†¦the icy duty of her second marriage and the unkindness of her third husband which had inevitably driven her to connect the idea of his death with that of her comfort. Step 4: Narrow Down the Choices The last step to making a correct inference on a multiple-choice test is to narrow down the answer choices. Using the clues from the passage, we can infer that nothing much was satisfactory to Elsa about her marriages, which gets rid of Choice B. Choice A is also incorrect because although the marriages certainly seem uncomfortable based on the clues, they were not well-suited to her as she had nothing in common with her second husband and wanted her third husband to die. Choice D is also incorrect because nothing is stated or implied in the passage to prove that Elsa believed her marriages to be worth it in some way; in fact, we can infer that it wasnt worth it to her at all because she gave away the money from her second husband. So, we have to believe that Choice C is the best – the marriages were cold and damaging. The passage states explicitly that her marriage was an icy duty and her third husband was unkind. We also know that they were damaging because her feelings had been crushed and killed by her marriages. Step 5: Practice To get really good at making inferences, youll need to practice making your own inferences first, so start with these free inference practice worksheets.

Essay about The Characters of Pride and Prejudice - 951 Words

In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen creates a unique environment which allows the relationship between her characters to evolve. Elizabeth Bennet faces challenges that impact her decisive demeanor. Likewise, Fitzwilliam Darcy, Elizabeth’s love interest, confronts many obstacles which also contradict his character. Darcy is from one of the wealthiest aristocratic families in England. The character of Darcy is introduced to the reader in chapter 3, as a friend of Charles Bingley. At the beginning of the novel Darcys character is in many respects repulsive. His theatrical arrogance, even insolent rudeness at beginning suits his theatrically dazzling wealth and good looks, ‘his fine, tall person, handsome features, noble mien’ (Ch 3, Pg†¦show more content†¦In chapter 32, Darcy unexpectedly visits Elizabeth at Rosings. Initially, both of them are at loss for words, but soon engage themselves in a conversation lacking spontaneity. Darcy’s frequent visits to the parsonage and his awkward reticent manner suggest that he is in love with Elizabeth, who is as blind to his affection as she is to his goodness. Even when Charlotte suggests Darcy’s love, ’My dear Eliza he must be in love with you, or he would never have called on us in this familiar way,’ (C h 32, Pg 163), Elizabeth dismisses the notion. Elizabeth struggles with her feelings as she is in denial. Elizabeth initially feels prejudice against Darcy because of his abominable pride. She gradually overcomes her preconceptions, and comes to realise that he is not what she imagined him to be. By the end of the novel, in chapter 58; when Elizabeth and Darcy set off on a walk, she acknowledges his involvement regarding the affair of Wickham and Lydia. She says; ‘I can no longer help thanking you for your unexampled kindness to my poor sister†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Ch 58, Pg 324). Darcy is surprised that she knows everything as he does not want her to feel uncomfortable or obligated to him for anything. However, Darcy does this as much out of guilt over not revealing Wickham’s true character as to gain Elizabeths affection, he says; ‘Your family owe me nothing. Much as I respect them, I believe, I thought only of you’. (Ch 58, Pg 325). Soon Darcy declares his love forShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice Character Analysis1598 Words   |  7 Pagesanother era but also within generation themselves, as proves the character of Mr. Darcy. The evolution of Mr. Darcy’s character in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice symbolizes the disregarding of some of the values and behaviors regulating England’s Regency society such as class, reputation and the excess pride in such values. Mr. Darcy’s prejudice causes him to quickly judge others based solely on their social status and not their character, as society has taught him, to then realize that the two ofRead MorePride And Prejudice : A Comedy Of Characters1387 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice: A Comedy of Characters In Jane Austen s novel Pride and Prejudice, a subtle layer of comedy exists that is especially noticeable when very different characters are juxtaposed. This method is used to deepen characterization and make clear the intended satire. The distinct differences between characters help to bring out Austen’s subtle satire because the negative qualities of certain characters are more blatant when surrounded by opposing positive qualities in another characterRead MoreCharacter Analysis : Pride And Prejudice 1160 Words   |  5 PagesSeema Sabbagh Mr. Clark AP Literature, 6th 11/10/14 Pride and Prejudice 2002 - Morally ambiguous characters -- characters whose behavior discourages readers from identifying them as purely evil or purely good -- are at the heart of many works of literature. Choose a novel or play in which a morally ambiguous character plays a pivotal role. Then write an essay in which you explain how the character can be viewed as morally ambiguous and why his or her moral ambiguity is significant to the work asRead MorePride And Prejudice Character Analysis1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel Pride and Prejudice was first published in 1813. Signet Classics published Jane Austen’s book in 1980. The story takes place in early 19th century England. Important settings are Longbourn: the Bennets’ estate, Netherfield Park: the estate of Mr. Bingley; Rosings Park: the estate of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, and Pemberley: Mr. Darcy’s estate. Major characters in this comically toned romance include Elizabeth and Jane Bennet, Mr. Darcy, Mr. Bingley, and Mr. Wi ckham. Elizabeth is the protagonistRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Pride and Prejudice Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesPride and Prejudice The characters and general setting in Jane Austens; Pride and Prejudice, portray life in the rural society of the day. Austen is very clear in setting up the social classes of the characters and immediately portrays why the book is titled Pride and Prejudice. Though the more specific example of Pride and Prejudice is that of Elizabeth and Darcy, and how they first view each other. There initial feelings towards one another set the plot of the novel. It is this constantRead More Pride and Prejudice Essay: The Character of Elizabeth1865 Words   |  8 PagesThe Character of Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice       In her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen portrays Elizabeth Bennet as strong and intelligent, yet bewitching in a completely feminine way. Elizabeths possession of these attributes: strength of character and moral integrity, great intelligence, and an attractive personality, make her an admirable person. Yet Elizabeth has faults, which makes her more human. Austens portrayal of Elizabeth is realistic and masterful, often juxtaposingRead MorePride And Prejudice Character Analysis Essay1801 Words   |  8 Pagesis also impulsive, stubborn, and outspoken. The protagonist of Jane Austen’s novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ remains to be one of the most famous female characters in English Literature. Often noted in Instagram captions or on a homemade canvas bag, a quote such as â€Å"Looking for my Mr. Darcy† or something along those lines can be found all over the internet. From the time of her creation to the present-day her character has stood as a sourc e of inspiration to her readers. â€Å"Lizzy† is a heroine with whomRead More An Analysis of Characters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice1662 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Characters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice An author will often give his or her work a title that reflects the overall theme or meaning of the piece-this is certainly the case in Jane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice. A title may set the mood or describe a situation which otherwise might require several paragraphs to develop. Pride and Prejudice is a combination of humor, irony, and twists of events. Austen entitles her work Pride and Prejudice to emphasize subtly theRead MoreThe Strong Characters In Jane Austens Pride And Prejudice1092 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel, Pride and Prejudice, follows Elizabeth Bennet and her transition into the world of marriage and suitors. Elizabeth, after reading Mr. Darcy’s letter, has a pivotal shift in her character that carries on throughout the rest of the novel. Although this shift from making judgments to being shaped by them might make her appear weak, the letter is the point in which she begins to mature into a rational young woman. Some scholars pose the argument that Elizabeth becomes a weaker character by tryingRead MoreMisinterpretation Of Characters In Jane Austens Pride And Prejudice1317 Words   |  6 Pages The book, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen can be summed up as a story of misinterpretation of character. The story takes place in 1800’s England and is centered around Elizabeth Bennet a middle class women with four other sisters, a father and an overbearing mother. The story follows Elizabeth and her sisters path to being married. Elizabeth and her sisters first meet Mr. Bingley a wealthy upper class man and his seemingly arrogant and prideful best friend Mr. Darcy (13). Both Elizabeth and Mr

The Glass Menagerie Role Of Laura English Literature Essay Free Essays

The function that Laura played in The Glass Menagerie can non be overlooked as it contributed to the development of the overall subject of the book. The drama is based on the battles that worlds face in accepting world as this is the major subject of the book and Laura Wingfield is one character in the drama that had jobs accepting the challenges that life presented her with. Laura was described as a physically handicapped miss and she had troubles in accepting the world of her status ( Williams ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Glass Menagerie Role Of Laura English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Laura wanted a life that was better and would hold loved it, if she was non in the sort of state of affairs she found herself in. Though, it could be argued that, Laura did non truly play a outstanding function in the drama, but the fact remains that, the secret plan and the subjects of the drama are centered on her. Some of the symbols that lend acceptance to the importance of Laura to the overall subject of the drama are the glass unicorn, bluish roses, fire flight and the rubric of the narrative as these symbols represents the character of Laura. Laura could non come to footings with world and this is the ground that she was described as populating a slightly illusional life style in The Glass Menagerie. Due to the challenges and jobs she was faced with, Laura preferred to remain in her comfort zone and she lived in an illusional universe. Laura ‘s life was full of semblances as she lived in what could be described as a universe of glass animate beings. It is this trouble of accepting world that really bonds the Wingfield household together, as each one of them, Tom, Amanda and Laura at one point in clip, had jobs get bying with the worlds of life and its many challenges ( Williams 16-25 ) . Laura could be described as a unit of ammunition nog that suits a unit of ammunition hole as the illusional universe of glass animate beings that she lived is merely a clear representation of the existent universe that was described in the drama. This could be seen in the fact that, the people in the drama tend to deduce more satisfaction in phantasies instead than existent events. Laura created an semblance that is a representation of her inability to accept world as she fantasized about a glass ball ( of glass animate beings ) and a group of people waltzing in the Paradise Dance Hall ( Williams ) . The Glass Menagerie clearly showed that, semblances and worlds inability to accept world has become the norm in our society and Laura absolutely fits into this type of illusional universe. Harmonizing to Williams Laura ‘s fond regard to the glass universe she created is seen when â€Å" there is a ting of shattering glass. Laura cries out as if wounded. † ( qtd in Bloom 38 ) The troubles that Laura faced in accepting world could be traced to her glass menagerie, which was a aggregation of wild animate beings and this is really the chief symbol in The Glass Menagerie. This menagerie represents the illusional universe of Laura in its entirety. It is a universe that is notional and anachronic, but based on the phantasies of Laura. Laura devotes more of her clip to this illusional creative activity of hers and she is merely an illustration of people that, instead than confront the worlds of life, they prefer populating a life of phantasies that does non truly be in the existent universe. The aggregation of animate beings that Laura created was borne out of the defeat and her trouble in accepting the world that, she did non finish high school, she was crippled, and that she could non acquire the love that she desired. It could so be argued that, Laura created her ain universe of glass animate beings to get away from a universe that she felt did non in any man ner favour her. As a consequence of the crippling of one leg that made it shorter than the other, Williams explains that, â€Å" Steming from this, Laura ‘s separation additions till she is like a piece of her ain glass aggregation excessively finely delicate to travel from the shelf. † ( qtd. In Bloom 11 ) . A symbol that appears in the inventive universe of Laura is the glass unicorn and the fact that she used the unicorn merely shows the inexistent universe that Laura lives in. Unicorns are nonextant animals and the visual aspect of a unicorn in Laura ‘s glass menagerie shows that, merely like the unicorn that is nonextant and different from other Equus caballuss, Laura lived an unusual life and was different from other people. Williams says of Laura that, â€Å" the lovely breakability of glass which is her image. † ( qtd. in Bloom 26 ) . Due to the fact that, Laura saw herself different from other people, she lived a alone life and it could besides be said that, she forced herself into being unable to accommodate to the universe and people around her. In position of this fact, it could so be argued that, Laura ‘s trouble in accepting world made her to populate like an castaway. The blue rose is another symbol in the drama that shows Laura ‘s unusual and unrealistic nature. Blue Roses was the name given to Laura by Jim and it symbolizes Laura ‘s unusual but attractive quality. It is pertinent to observe that, bluish roses do non be in the existent universe and the fact that, Jim relates Laura with Blue Roses lets readers know that, Jim besides realized the unrealistic nature of Laura. Another incident that is worthy of note in the book was when Laura slipped on the fire flight in the 4th scene and this shows that, Laura was unable to get away from the hard state of affairs in her life. The drama lacked pragmatism in its entirety as this fact was established by the narrator-character, Tom. The fact that Laura was non realistic in her ideas underlines the importance of her character to the subject of the drama. The abstractionism in the drama could be seen in the assorted sorts of symbols that were used in the drama and Laura was one character that lived a life of semblances How to cite The Glass Menagerie Role Of Laura English Literature Essay, Essay examples

The Samsung Galaxy Tab

The presentation begins with an introductory statement, stating the date of entry into the market. It should be noted that the Galaxy Tab is based on the successes of the Galaxy S. whereas Apple’s iPad was the first of such gadgets into the market; Samsung already had Galaxy S in the works, thus the Galaxy Tab is a modification based on Samsung’s attempt to gap the link between a Smartphone and a laptop.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Samsung Galaxy Tab specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Galaxy Tab uses the latest version of Android operating system, v2.2 â€Å"Froyo†, which can be updated with later versions of Android once they become available. T-Mobile also implements the Android OS; hence it can supplement the Galaxy Tab. (Heding, 78) By applying the Android OS, Galaxy Tab users can experience the same benefits enjoyed by Android phone users, which can be said to be advantages of Android over Apple’s OS. The current version of iPhone’s OS (iOS 3.2) offers limited multitasking, while Android runs multiple applications simultaneously. An example could be used in this instance; iPhone, which uses the same OS as the iPad, runs only native apps like mail, music and phone in the background while Android customers receive notifications, GPS data, or listen to music without necessarily having to keep the applications open. The Android platform is open sourced, meaning there is higher potential for growth in the applications market as compared to Apple’s App Store. The Samsung Galaxy Tab could be considered to be the link between the Smartphone and a laptop. Though the iPad and the Galaxy Tab possess the same speed (1 GHz), the Samsung Tab has double the RAM offers more performance capabilities. Therefore, the Galaxy Tab is better equipped for high-end applications, intense gaming and multimedia work. The diagram demonstrates the Galaxy Tabâ€⠄¢s size in comparison with the average human hand. Its slick design and relatively small size makes it easier to carry around. The Galaxy Tab can fit into a jeans or coat pocket, hence it’s not necessary to buy a new bag for carrying it around. The Galaxy Tab has several observable distinct characteristics that make it quite a unique product. It has a 7 inch TFT LCD touch screen, a resultant of its convenient size, complete GSM phone calling and the latest version of the Android OS.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Galaxy Tab supports Wi-Fi networks, as well as the tri-band 3G support, meaning that users can switch between up to three different frequencies to increase roaming capabilities, enhanced multimedia support and use of speech and data simultaneously. Another key feature is the two cameras, one in the front and the other in the rear. The 3.2 MP (megapixel) au tofocus rear camera is equipped with smile detection and geo-tagging. Other features include office document editor, DviX and XviD support for complete HD video playback and stereo speakers among others, for the ultimate in customer experience. The market is mainly dominated by Apple’s iPad, as a result of early entry into the market. Other competitors are anticipated, for example Dell’s streak. Although the iPad has captured most of the early adopters, there is still potential in the market. New customers could include those still evaluating the possibility of buying a tablet device, and dissatisfied customers from competitors. The success of Samsung’s Galaxy S in the Smartphone division is likely to pave way for the Galaxy Tab. The Tab’s full phone capabilities and distinct enhancements put the Galaxy Tab on a whole different level than competitors, even early entrants. (Drucker, 124). Many people are likely to ask why one should buy the Samsung Galaxy Tab. The table helps illustrate what sets the Tab apart from competitors such as Apple’s iPad. The Tab has a smaller screen than the iPad. While some critics may argue that this is advantageous to the iPad, its important to note that the smaller screen offers more pixel resolution hence efficient in viewing content. The Android 2.2 Froyo OS is much more powerful than Apple’s 3.2 iOS, thus enabling for proper multitasking unlike the iPad. The Galaxy Tab has double the RAM as the iPad, and has Adobe Flash support (the later doesn’t). (Brown 56) A lot of sites over the internet utilize Adobe Flash Player, which enables efficient streaming with those websites. The Galaxy Tab has two cameras, the iPad has none. Since the android platform is open sourced; users can get more applications from other providers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Samsung Galaxy Tab specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More iP ad users can only get applications from Apple’s App Store. The Tab is much smaller than the iPad, weighs less hence users will likely take longer to get tired from holding the device, as compared with iPod users. (Case, 189) Getting T-Mobile as a carrier would be beneficial to both companies in terms of both revenues and brand value. T-mobile is the forth largest wireless provider in the US, thus Samsung can greatly benefit from the extensive client base. T-Mobile ranks highest in customer satisfaction data, according to J.D. Power and Associates, a marketing research firm. Therefore, Samsung can also view this partnership as a way of complementing each other’s high quality standards. Demand for the Samsung Galaxy Tab is expected to pick, provided the advantages over similar devices and its cheaper price. Works Cited Baumol, William J. Alan S. Blinder. Economics: Principles and Policy (142). New York, NY: Cengage Learning, 2007. Print. Brown, Bruce Cameron. How to use the Internet to advertise, promote and market your business or Web site– with little or no money (116). New York, NY: Atlantic Publishing Company, 2006. Print. Case, James. Competition: The Birth of a New Science (180-236). New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008. Print. Drucker Francis. Innovation and Entrepreneurship. New York: Harper Business, 2006. PrintAdvertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Heding, Tilde, Charlotte F. Knudtzen and Mogens Bjerre. Brand management: research, theory and practice (27-88). New York, NY: Cengage, 2007. Print This essay on The Samsung Galaxy Tab was written and submitted by user Eric Pickett to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Models Of Forensic Psychology Case Study Social Work Essay Essay Example

Models Of Forensic Psychology Case Study Social Work Essay Essay Example Models Of Forensic Psychology Case Study Social Work Essay Essay Models Of Forensic Psychology Case Study Social Work Essay Essay Andrew is 15. He has been accused of sexually assailing his younger sister and may be charged with this in the close hereafter. Some of his household have a history of mental upset and he has a history of acquisition and behavioral troubles, as a consequence of which he has been go toing a residential particular school. He does non admit the accusals against him and is loath to discourse them. Information FROM INTERVIEW Andrew presents as a tall, slim-built young person who is restlessly dying, looking off for most of the interview, and repeatedly yawning in an overdone mode to bespeak how small he wants to be involved in the treatment. Despite this he is basically polite in mode and replies all inquiries, at least in some step. His evident degree of intelligence puts him in the mild scope of damage, and he is besides really sensitive to anything that he thinks puts him at a disadvantage or makes him look thick . He has some societal accomplishments, although these are non ever used and sometimes he appears socially disinhibited. He has a sensible vocabulary and powers of address. There are no behavioral stereotypies ( insistent seemingly purposeless motions ) and no perseverative behavior ( continuation of behaviors after their original intent has been served ) . However, his powers of concentration are limited and he is easy distracted from treatment. His attending is focused on his perceived likeliness that he will automatically travel to prison, irrespective of whether he is charged or non. He hopes that a combination of his medical history and denial of the allegations will be plenty to acquire him through any legal procedures. Andrew says he has nt been charged with anything because I ai nt done nowt . Nevertheless he is able to state that sexual assault agencies seeking to do person make something have sex, how to do babes and that penetration means seting a finger up person up ( the ) button of adult females . He has already been officially asked on one juncture about for what s traveling on now fundamentally but can depict no inside informations and says that he ai nt bothered because I have nt done it . CURRENT CIRCUMSTANCES Andrew has his ain room at his particular school and has made one or two friends. The activity that he enjoys most, and gets most from, is analyzing motor vehicles and he has developed an aspiration to go a mechanic. He comes place for some weekends and for vacation periods. At present he feels he has nt got a life any longer . This is both because of the possible pending charges and because he feels people are dropping dead around me . A close friend ( female ) of his died late, and his life has non felt the same since his male parent died out of the blue the twenty-four hours before his birthday four ago, and his paternal grandma died about a twelvemonth afterwards. He would wish to go a motor machinist, but thinks this will non be possible, unless he can acquire preparation in prison, because of his possible tribunal instance. PERSONAL AND FAMILY HISTORY He is the youngest member of his household, although his ain list of his siblings and half-siblings is somewhat different to that provided by his household. His male parent died from a bosom onslaught and his female parent has a batch of jobs with her wellness. He was excluded from his first school for throwing a brick at a instructor or something like that they were making my caput in all the clip . MEDICAL HISTORY He has been diagnosed as holding ADHD ( Attention shortage hyperactivity upset ) , and says that this is why he is at get oning school. He says that he used to acquire all mad and hatred people and take it out on them but that this has improved more late. Two old ages ago he tried to hang himself with two belts because he merely felt like it I could nt be bothered populating anymore I did it for merriment I thought it was amusing . He besides tried to cut his carpus, and still has a swoon cicatrix from this. He continues to hold periodic ideas about a speedy premature decease as a manner of non holding to set up with life anymore . Although these ideas reflect a down position of life there is no indicant that he presently has a depressive unwellness. He has antecedently taken the antihyperactivity drug Ritalin, but has now discontinued this and describes it as making my caput in . SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT HISTORY He foremost became sexually cognizant at a really immature age, as a consequence of being given information either by one of his sisters or a friend. His male parent told him non to hold sex until he was older so as to avoid holding kids. His strongest sexual experience so far has been with a girlfriend who he described as the nicest individual you could run into even though my sister called her a smackhead . He denies the allegations about his sister and depict them as all prevarications . Questions What identifiable hazards, giving your grounds, does Andrew show a ) in the short term and B ) in the longer term? Rank them one time in their order of certainty, and once more in their order of importance. Construct an interview scheme to assist look intoing police officers farther inquiry Andrew about the allegations sing his sister, explicating your principle. Case Study 2 Mr D Case Study Read the undermentioned instance analyze carefully. Using your cognition of hazard appraisal, mental upsets and piquing behavior and interview and intervention schemes answer the undermentioned inquiries: Describe the type ( s ) of mental upset Mr D may be enduring from See whether those upsets are likely to lend to the hazard he poses of future force Identify those hazards that Mr D poses to himself and others See whether you would dispatch Mr D from infirmary at this clip and give your grounds why ( Point 5 is optional ) Highlight what challenges Mr D may present in intervention and how you might get the better of them. Background Early on Childhood Mr D was born to a 16 twelvemonth old female parent and conceived following a one dark base. Mr D recalled an unsettled childhood due to his female parent handing over his attention to her parents. Mr D described how he liked populating with his grandparents, nevertheless he besides described how his gramps often used intoxicant and his grandma was rigorous and did non let him to socialize with other kids. Behavioral jobs were noted from the age of 4. Throughout this clip period Mr D began holding terrible fits which involved striking and kicking and Mr D was referred to the Children s Hospital at the age of 8. This followed a terrible onslaught levied against his gramps affecting a knife. Throughout the interview procedure Mr D remained closed about his relationship with his gramps. Later studies indicate he was sexually abused by his gramps but Mr D refuses to discourse this topic. Mr D was taken into attention at the age of 8, where once more he reported an unsettled period of clip characterised by isolation and intimidation. Mr D was able to populate with a surrogate household whom he described as supportive for the following two old ages and it is of note that there were no behavioral troubles noted for Mr D within this clip period. Mr D appeared to settled with this household and their two boies, which allowed him to organize secure fond regards with this household. Unfortunately the household needed to emigrate to South Africa, and although he was asked to travel with them, Mr D chose to stay close to his grandparents. Mr D spent the following five old ages in Children s places, interspersed by Foster arrangements which broke down. Mr D returned to populate with his grandparents following this period. Previous studies indicate conflicting points of position about this clip period, some indicating that Mr D had more positive relationships with his grandparents and female parent at this clip, but with others foregrounding that his grandparents did non truly talk to him. Education and employment Mr D attended about five different schools as he was moved due to his populating state of affairs altering. Mr D recalled an unsettled period of clip at school as he was bullied. He besides described himself as hyper, I would shout and shout a batch and recalled happening lessons tiring. Records indicate that Mr D began declining school at the age of 4 and has a important history of hooky throughout his instruction. Mr D left school with no makings but school studies describe him as exceptionally bright. Mr D has neer been in formal employment. After go forthing school he was unemployed for 2 old ages as he reported he could non happen a occupation that interested him and he was holding troubles with his mental wellness. Following this, Mr D has been detained due to the strong belief for his index offense. Substance and intoxicant abuse Mr D reports a significant history of hemp usage and a history of orgy imbibing. Psychiatric History Mr D foremost came into contact with mental wellness services at the age of 8 when he was admitted to the Children s Hospital for 6 hebdomads following a violent onslaught on his gramps. An ECG and neurological scrutiny at the clip were found to be normal, nevertheless Mr D s female parent recalled a black spot being found. Following this Mr D was referred to an Adolescent Unit of measurement at the age of 14 due to behaviour jobs such as declining to go to school and standing naked in the window. Later that twelvemonth, Mr D was admitted to the infirmary and was described by the physician as an isolated and withdrawn person, holding no ego assurance who responded with aggressive effusions when frustrated . Mr D self-harmed by cutting his weaponries with a piece of glass. After being convicted of two incidents of indecent exposure at the age of 17, Mr D received outpatient intervention ab initio, but following another charge for indecorous exposure Mr D was admitted as an inmate. At this point he was speaking about wounding people before they had the opportunity to wound him. On the 9th April 1987 Mr D was once more charged with indecorous exposure and was remanded under subdivision 35 of the Mental Health Act ( 1983 ) . During his appraisal at that place, it was noted that he was hearing voices stating him to perpetrate Acts of the Apostless of force. No specific diagnosing was made at this clip, although a status of abode and psychiatric intervention was made. Following his eighteenth birthday he was moved to Arnold Lodge Hospital. Whilst there it is reported that Mr D s mental wellness appeared to deteriorate and violence towards others increased. At the age of 20 Mr D was transferred to a Hostel in Liverpool as it was thought that he would profit from integrating with other people, nevertheless three months after this he was discharged after assailing another occupant. Mr D managed to populate in the community on his ain for about two and a half old ages before he committed his index offense. At this point he was remanded to HMP Hull for about 2 months. Mr D attempted to hang himself during his first dark in detention. He was so transferred to Wathwood infirmary due to him exhibiting paranoid ideation and sing audile hallucinations commanding him to harm a female prison officer. Whilst at Wathwood Hospital, ab initio Mr D s presentation seemed to better to the point that he was granted conditional discharge by a Mental Health Review Tribunal, nevertheless at this point Mr D s arrested development with a female member of staff began to do concern. Mr D began exposing himself to female members of staff and his mental wellness deteriorated. Mr D s presentation continued to worsen over the following two old ages in footings of incidents of force, aggression and sexually inappropriate. His mental wellness besides fluctuated with episodes of paranoid ideation, psychotic beliefs, ideas of harming himself and incidents of aggression. Forensic History Mr D has three old strong beliefs for offenses of indecorous exposure. There are seven old strong beliefs for driving offenses ( e.g. driving whilst under the influence, foolhardy drive, driving without a licence, insurance and MOT ) and 4 strong beliefs of acquisitive offending ( 2 offenses of shoplifting and2 burglary offenses ) . Mr D has no other strong beliefs for violent offenses apart from the index offense, nevertheless there has been other force evident in Mr Driver s yesteryear when he has been a patient in infirmary. Index Offense Mr D was convicted of the slaying of his neighbor. The offense occurred in the context of ongoing troubles Mr D was sing with his neighbors in footings of loud music they were playing in the early hours of the forenoon. Mr D had raised this job with his neighbors and it is reported that they responded to this in a less than positive manner. Mr D so tried to affect the council to relieve the job, nevertheless this appeared to hold had no consequence. On the twenty-four hours of the index offense, the victim was taking his trash out and Mr D approached him from buttocks and struck him one time in the dorsum with a 5 inch bladed knife. Mr D instantly ran off from the scene and made his manner to the Family and Community Services Department with whom he was in regular contact and the constabulary were contacted and Mr D was later arrested. The victim had removed the arm himself and in the interim had made his manner to nearby premises to seek aid. He subsequently died of his hurts in inf irmary. Mr D s history of the offense is that he had been populating following to neighbors who were noisy . He said he had lived following to them for about six months and I kept knocking, inquiring them to turn it down, they merely said it was their house . When asked how many times this had occurred Mr D said, probably approached them about 5 or 6 times . Mr D stated that he did nt phone the constabulary at all, but that he did phone the lodging association. He said that nil happened as a consequence of this and the music continued. On the last juncture that Mr D asked for the music to be turned down before he committed the index offense Mr Driver stated he started endangering me and said I m non turning the music down and was reasoning. I ca nt retrieve what was being said, but I merely kept inquiring him to turn it down. He was shouting and I think I hit him foremost, we had a hassle and the constabulary were called. The Police told me to acquire in touch with the lodging association . Following this incident Mr D said that a few hebdomads passed and the music continued. Mr D stated that he had been traveling out shopping he had been transporting the same knife that he finally stabbed the victim with. On the twenty-four hours of the index offense, Mr D reported being woken at 9am by music being played. He stated, I felt truly stressed and angry. I got up, got dressed, I was standing in my kitchen and could hear it ( the music ) and I saw him traveling to the bin. I d come to the terminal of how I was experiencing and looking for a manner out . Mr D stated, I got a knife and stabbed him in the lower dorsum. When asked what might hold happened to decide the state of affairs had the index offense non occurred Mr D said, If I had nt seen him, I likely would hold gone on transporting the knife and gone unit of ammunition to his house . In footings of why Mr D felt he committed the offense, he stated, I could nt stand them playing loud music . Mr D went onto say Yes I regret it, its led to me being kept in infirmary. There is nil else I could hold done. He deserved it because he would nt turn down his music . Appraisals Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale -3rd edition ( WAIS III ) This appraisal examines general cognitive abilities, specifically believing and concluding accomplishments. It explores non-verbal logical thinking accomplishments, spacial processing accomplishments, visual-motor integrating, attending to detail and acquired cognition such as verbal logical thinking and comprehension. Mr D presented with a full graduated table IQ of 130. International Personality Disorder Examination Mr D was assessed for personality upset utilizing the International Personality Disorder Examination ( IPDE: Loranger ; 1999 ) . The IPDE is a semi-structured clinical interview developed to measure personality upsets defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition ( DSM-IV ; American Psychiatric Association, 1994 ) and the International Classification of Diseases, 10th alteration ( ICD-10 ; World Health Organisation, 1992 ) . Mr D s current presentation indicates that definite diagnosings of Antisocial and Narcissistic personality upsets are warranted. The Antisocial characteristics most relevant in Mr D include a deficiency of concern for the feelings of others, foolhardy behavior, consistent irresponsibleness, neglect for regulations and penalty, low tolerance to defeat taking to Acts of the Apostless of aggression and force, and a proneness to rationalize and fault others for his ain behavior. The Narcissistic characteristics which Mr D presents with include a grandiose sense of ego, a belief that he should be treated otherwise, an overinflated sense of self-entitlement, haughtiness in his behavior and attitudes, a relentless form of taking advantage of others to accomplish his ain terminals and an unwillingness to recognize or place with the feelings of others. Psychopathy Checklist Revised ( PCL-R The Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised ( PCL-R, Hare 1991, 2003 ) is a strict psychological appraisal, widely regarded as the standard step of mental illness in research, clinical and forensic scenes. It measures different facets of a individual s emotional experience, the manner they relate to others, how they go about acquiring what they want and their behavior. High degrees of psychopathologic traits as measured by the PCL-R are associated with high rates of re-offending and future force ( nevertheless a low PCL-R mark entirely does non connote low hazard ) and can impact on responsivity to curative intercession. Mr D presented with moderate degrees of psychopathologic traits which fell merely below the diagnostic cut off for psychopathologic upset. Items that he scored on include failure to accept duty for his actions, irresponsibleness, deficiency of compunction, indurate neglect for others, grandiose sense of ego worth, use and early childhood jobs. Presentation in interview Mr D presented as a hard and ambitious patient to interview. He was dismissive at times, oppugning my experience, makings and competency. He stated that psychological science was non a proper scientific discipline and would prefer to speak to the proper physician i.e. the head-shrinker. Mr D appeared to hold some cognition of psychopathology and psychological science and used proficient footings throughout. He appeared to hold small penetration into his mental upset saying that he does necessitate to take medicine and that everyone is like him. Mr D stated he does non under stand why anyone would believe he poses a hazard to people and that he should be discharged from infirmary instantly. Case Study 3 Ms W Case Study Read the undermentioned instance analyze carefully. Using your cognition of hazard appraisal, mental upsets and piquing behavior and interview and intervention schemes answer the undermentioned inquiries: Describe the type ( s ) of mental upset Ms W may be enduring from See whether those upsets are likely to lend to the hazard she poses of future force See what techniques/strategies/considerations you would utilize when questioning Ms W Highlight what farther countries of work you may wish to set about with Ms W ( concentrating on what countries of her presentation you would wish to explore/assess farther and why ) Background Early on childhood Ms W was the eldest kid of three, the other two kids being male childs. Ms W recalled an unhappy childhood due to the sexual maltreatment she experienced from her male parent ( for which he received a strong belief ) and so the emotional withdrawal that was evident between her female parent and herself. Social services records support Ms W s history of her early childhood. In add-on to being sexually abused by her male parent, Ms W besides reported being sexually abused by an uncle and a following door neighbor. Ms W besides reported that the relationship between her female parent and male parent was a disruptive one and although she did non witness any physical force, she did hear statements which resulted in her repeatedly slaming his caput against the wall through the emphasis this caused. Ms W s behavior became unmanageable both within school and the community, in footings of contending at school and perpetrating junior-grade offense such as shrinkage. Whilst still populating with her parents, at the age of 14, Ms W became involved in a relationship with a adult male who was much older than her, in his 60 s. This farther contributed to the impairment between Ms W and her parents, and her parents later placed her in attention. Ms W remained in attention until the age of 17, and upon go forthing she was given support from societal services and moved into independent lodging in which she was happy on her ain. Education and employment Ms W reported that her school public presentation was mean ; instructors would non hold found her a direction job, but that she did acquire distracted easy. Whilst at school she was capable to strong-arming from equals and this resulted in her engaging in battles outside of school. Ms W left school with no formal makings. Ms W obtained employment every bit shortly as she left school and worked as a packer , a cleansing agent and in a pet store. All of the employment she engaged in was in a short period after school, with her last occupation being held at the age of 20. Ms W reported that the last occupation she had needed to go forth because her mental wellness was doing her troubles and she needed to go to assorted assignments. Following this period of employment, Ms W was unemployed for the following 16 old ages due to mental wellness, drug and intoxicant troubles. Ms W claimed incapacity benefits and before coming into detention she reported holding an income of about ?800 per month. Substance and intoxicant abuse Ms W reported that she began imbibing at the age of 14 or 15 as she would see saloon with her spouse at the clip. She suggested that she became a heavy drinker at age 20 and that she needed intoxicant every twenty-four hours as otherwise she would endure with backdown symptoms. Ms W would devour about 12 tins of Stella a twenty-four hours or 2 bottles of 2 litre Cider. Ms W s imbibing caused her wellness jobs in the signifier of liver failure and pancreatitis. Ms W was under the influence of intoxicant when perpetrating the index offense and this followed a period where she had tried to travel through a detoxification procedure without medical support. It is of note that Ms W reported hearing voices whilst she completed this home detoxification procedure. In footings of drug usage, Ms W remembered get downing to utilize substances at around the age of 18. She reports utilizing acerb checks, microdots, thaumaturgy mushrooms, velocity, diacetylmorphine ( smoking ) and hemp. She besides reported that she would take prescription medicine if the chance arose. Ms W recalls that she would utilize whenever she had the money to make so and that she would often take drugs and drink at the same clip. She estimated that she would pass about ?14 per twenty-four hours, but that this would depend on what financess she had available at the clip. In the early 1990s Ms W was diagnosed with drug induced psychosis. Psychiatric history Ms W foremost recalled being in contact with psychiatric services in her 20s. She was foremost seen by a head-shrinker due to the hallucinations she was sing and she voluntarily stayed in infirmary for a few months. Ms W had spent clip in group mental wellness places and has had support from head-shrinkers, CPNs and societal workers. Ms W had attempted to perpetrate self-destruction on a figure of occasions through taking overdoses. She was diagnosed with depression in her late 20s and has been on a figure of anti sedative drugs which she combined with drink and non prescription drugs. Whilst in detention Ms W was taking antidepressants, minor tranquilizers and anti psychotics. The latter were prescribed due to Ms W sing hallucinations and besides temper instability. Ms W had most late been diagnosed with Generalised Anxiety Disorder with characteristics of depersonalization and derealisation . Forensic history Ms W had three old strong beliefs. Two were received in 1989 which were both fraud offenses, and so the tierce in 1990 for burglary and larceny of a non home. Ms W can non remember specific inside informations sing the state of affairss. Ms W had no other strong beliefs for violent offending, apart from the index offense, but at that place has been other force nowadays in Ms W s yesteryear particularly within interpersonal relationships. Index offense The offense occurred in the shared place of Ms W and her spouse. Two hebdomads before the index offense occurred, constabulary had been called to the place after Ms W had taken an overdose of her spouse s medicine. When Ms W s spouse had attempted to cite aid, Ms W threatened her with a knife to seek and forestall this. On the 10th June 2006 when the offense occurred, it was alleged that Ms W had been imbibing cyder from the early hours of the forenoon. Ms W insists that she was so intoxicated that she has no callback of the stabbing which so occurred and all that she remembered was seeing the blood on her spouse s tummy. After knifing her spouse in the tummy she so threatened to cut her pharynx with the knife. The stab lesions caused a close fatal hurt. The victim was able to biddings assist by triping the exigency pull cord for the adjustment s warden. Appraisals Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale -3rd edition ( WAIS III ) This appraisal examines general cognitive abilities, specifically believing and concluding accomplishments. It explores non-verbal logical thinking accomplishments, spacial processing accomplishments, visual-motor integrating, attending to detail and acquired cognition such as verbal logical thinking and comprehension. Ms W presented with a full graduated table IQ of 75. The appraisal showed that Ms W processes information more efficaciously when presented visually instead than verbally and that she struggles to concentrate for long periods of clip. International Personality Disorder Examination Screening Questionnaire ( IPDE-SQ ) This appraisal is a showing questionnaire which indicates whether there are certain personality traits which need farther probe utilizing the full International Personality Disorder Examination appraisal. The IPDE-SQ indicated the possible presence of paranoiac, schizotypal, emotionally unstable, avoidant and dependent personality upsets but this should non be considered as a formal diagnosing. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III ( MCMI-III ) This appraisal is used to measure elements of personality and besides pathological syndromes within psychiatric populations. On this juncture the MCMI- III was used to supply a more comprehensive image of Ms W s personality and presentation in combination with the result of the IPDE-SQ. This step was non used to name personality upset but to lend to the apprehension of Ms W s presentation. The Millon highlighted that Ms W presented with anxiousness, drug dependance and station traumatic emphasis upset and may possible nowadays with thought upset and major depression. Presentation in interview Ms W presented as a shy, pleasant person with really low assurance and who suffered with anxiousness. It was apparent that she was missing in assurance in footings of speech production to people and being certain of her ain sentiments. She had besides seemed to fight in footings of her degree of concentration. Over the class of the Sessionss Ms W s temper could be rather volatile, altering from happy to depressed in the period of a twosome of hours. Ms W systematically spoke of ideas of ego injury throughout the Sessionss and when feeling depressed would project these feelings onto others as holding caused them. Ms W besides presented at times as rather paranoid in footings of thought that people were speaking about her. Ms W besides disclosed that she was sing ocular hallucinations peculiarly when she felt stressed.

Blast through writers block with this seven-step technique - Emphasis

Blast through writers block with this seven-step technique Blast through writers block with this seven-step technique How do you vanquish writer’s block? Some say to just start writing, even if you later have to delete half of what you’ve written. Some say to begin with the middle and add the introduction and conclusion later. Some say to make a list. We say: grab some paper and a pen, and step away from your computer for half an hour. This technique will not only cure your writer’s block, it will make your writing clearer and more logical for your reader. Working out what goes in Making a list of what you want to write about isn’t a bad starting point, but it has its limitations. The main drawback is that whatever word you write down first determines the next word you write down, and so on. And once you have your list, it’s very difficult to change its order. So the entire structure effectively becomes governed by whatever word happened to pop into your mind when you sat down to write. The other disadvantage of list structures is that they do nothing to unlock what’s actually in your mind. Your mind stores things not in lists but in ‘files’. Consider this: if asked to list 20 things you own, you’d probably have to think quite hard. But if you were asked to list everything in your home, you’d soon hit 20. Easiest of all would be: ‘Name each room in your house, then name five things in each room.’ The reason is that you are sorting the ‘home file’ in your brain into folders – one for each part of your home. Once you’ve done that, it’s much easier to access the information. Stage one: brainstorming This seven-step technique is split between two stages. First, brainstorming. You can apply the filing cabinet technique to help you brainstorm ideas, by drawing a mind map. This is a graphical representation of everything you know about a subject. Click here to see a mind map for planning an away day, for example. To create a mind map, take the following steps: 1.  Note down the subject in the middle of the page. 2. Write the aspects of the subject around it. 3. Look at each aspect and think about what its folder should include. Draw a line for each new idea or piece of information and continue this process, radiating outwards. 4. Keep asking questions such as Why?, How?, What?, When?, Where? and Who? until you’re satisfied you’ve put down everything you know about the subject. Stage two: creating a logical structure. Now you have all the information you need at your fingertips. But you still need to sort through it a bit further before you’re ready to start writing. Classify each item in your mind map as A, B or C, where A = essential to everybody, B = essential to some readers and C = not important. 5. Pick one of the As as your starting point, label it number 1, then number the remaining As in a logical order. 6. Do the same for the Bs. 7. Cross out the Cs. Once you have done this, you’re ready to form your ideas into a structure that your reader will find logical and easy to follow. Use the As for your body text and the Bs for your boxouts, appendices, sidebars and graphics. Ready, set, go. This is just one of the techniques you can learn on our High-impact business writing course, which is available both in-company and as a public course.

Rubber Band Model of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rubber Band Model of Communication - Essay Example The first scholar who attempted a communication model is Aristotle. Aristotelian view of communication influenced the perspectives of communication thinkers until the mid twentieth century. In the late 1940s, and through the 1950s and 1960s, a number of new communication models were advanced, most of them preserving the basic themes of the Aristotelian perspective. Later in 1949, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver published a model that they called the "Mathematical Model of Communication." and later in 1954 he proposed an interactive model. In 1960 Berlo proposed the SMCR model. These models were considered the major linear models of communication. and Becker's Mosaic Model (1968). The others that invited attention of communication experts included the multidimensional models. The major contributions were Functional Model by Ruesch and Bateson (1951) and Transactional Model by Barnlund (1970). All these models contributed only to further the discussions and research of communication and proved different points of the communications process. (Jones & Jones, 1997) The Rubber Band Model of communication, as the term denotes uses the analogy of a rubber band. The elastic property of the rubber band is used to explain the communication process. ... The Rubber Band Model can be explained with the following diagrams. The figures Fig.1 and Fig.2 show the communication process as proposed by the Rubber Band model. Fig.1 shows a stretched rubber band. The black portion is the piece of rubber band and the dotted lines show it in the stretched position. If we consider the piece of rubber band as the message transmitted by the sender the stretched portion explains the transmission of the message. The elastic property of the rubber band can be attributed to the nature of the message, transmission process and the channel. If stretched further, the message will reach a different receiver. It requires a more elastic material (a strong rubber band or a lengthy one) to stretch to a considerable length. The process of communication is similar. If the message has to be reached to a wider audience it has to be powerful, or in other words a mediated communication has to take place which occurs only in mass communication. Similarly the stretched rubber band when released (See Fig.2) gets back to the previous destination, which also explains the feedback. Critique of the Rubber Band model of communication The Rubber Band model is a dynamic model when compared to the linear models of communication as it proves that message can be send to an intended direction. This helps to explain interpersonal communication as well as group communication. The elastic property of the rubber band and its analogy used in the model also explains the mass communication process. The model has significance as it also give explanation for the feedback in communication. The limitation of the model is that it makes the feedback compulsory. Works cited 1. Marsha Jones and Emma